American Airlines Flight Case Study Essay

Cause(s) of Accident The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of this accident was the asymmetrical stall and the ensuing roll of the aircraft because of the uncommanded retraction of the left wing outboard leading edge slats and the loss of stall warning and slat disagreement indication systems resulting from maintenance-induced damage leading to the separation of the number 1 engine and pylon assembly at a critical point during takeoff. The separation resulted from damage by improper maintenance procedures which let to failure of the pylon structure. Structural and Mechanical Factors After a thorough examination of the pylon attachment points, fractures and deformations at the separation points in the forward bulkhead and thrust link were all characteristic of overload. Testimony indicated the forklift was not powered for a period of time because it ran out of fuel. Post accident forklift tests showed that under these conditions leakage would allow a drift down of 1 inch in 30 minutes. Movement of 0.4 inch or less would produce a 7 inch fracture at the flange. Contributing Factors The design and interrelationship of the essential systems as they were affected by the structural loss of the pylon contributed to this accident. Flight control, hydraulic, and electrical systems in the aircraft were all affected by the pylon separation. When the engine separated from the pylon hydraulic pressure and fluid were lost and not recoverable. The separation also severed the electrical wire bundles inside the pylon which included the main feeder circuits between the generator and the No 1 a.c. generator bus. The flight crew was unable to restore power to the aircraft. The failure of engineering to ascertain the damage-inducing potential of a procedure which deviated from the manufacturer’s recommended procedure was another contributed factor. The procedure in question was the removal of the pylon attaching hardware and the positioning of the forklift. As a result, maintenance personnel altered the sequence of hardware removal. Investigation Board Findings The engine and pylon assembly separated either at or immediately after liftoff. The flight crew was committed to continue the takeoff. The aft end of the pylon assembly started to separate in the forward flange of the aircraft bulkhead. The structural separation of the pylon was caused by a complete failure of the forward flange of the aft bulkhead after its residual strength had been critically reduced by the fracture and subsequent service life. The length of the overload fracture and fatigue cracking was about 13 inches. All electrical power to the number 1 a.c. generator bus and number 1 d.c. bus was lost after the pylon separated. The captains flight director instrument, stall warning system, and slat disagreement systems were rendered inoperative. Power was never restored. The number 1 hydraulic system was lost at pylon separation. Hydraulic lines and follow up cables of the drive actuator for the left wing’s outboard leading edge slat were severed by the separation of the pylon and the left wing’s outboard slats retracted during climb out. The retraction of the slats caused an asymmetric stall and subsequent loss of control of the aircraft. The pylon was damaged during maintenance performed on March 29 and 30, 1979 at the American Airlines Maintenance Facility in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Engineering personnel developed procedures for removing the pylon and engine that deviated from manufacturers procedures, and did so without performing proper tests. Recommendations The NTSB recommended that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issue immediately an emergency Airworthiness Directive to inspect all pylon attach points by approved inspection methods. Issue an Airworthiness Directive to require and immediate inspection of all DC-10 aircraft in which an engine pylon assembly had been removed and reinstalled for damage to the wing-mounted pylon aft bulkhead, including its forward flange and the attaching spar web and fasteners. Issue a Maintenance Alert Bulletin directing FAA maintenance inspectors to contact their assigned carriers and advise them to immediately discontinue the practice of lowering and raising the pylon with the engine still attached and adhere to recommended manufacturer procedures. Outcomes After a series of post accident inspections disclosed damaged aft bulkheads in the wing to the engine pylons, the Administrator of the FAA issued an Emergency Order of Suspension on June 6, 1979, which suspended the DC-10 series aircraft type certificate until such time as it can be ascertained that the DC-10 aircraft meets the certification criteria of Part 25 of the FAR and is eligible for a Type Certificate. Twenty days later the FAA issued Special Federal Aviation Regulation 40 which prohibited the operation of any model DC-10 aircraft within the airspace of the United States. On July 13, 1979, after a series of formal investigations, the Administrator found that the DC-10 met the requirements for issuance of a type certificate. And the Emergency Order of Suspension was terminated. In November 1979 the FAA fined American Airlines $500,000 for using faulty maintenance procedures on its DC-10 aircraft by using forklifts to mate the complete engine/pylon assembly with the wing attachment points. Continental Airlines was fined $100,000 on a similar charge. References Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved October 20, 2010, from http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19790525-2 NTSB. (1979). Aircraft Accident Report, American Airlines, Inc. Flight 191. Retrieved October 20, 2010, from http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR79-17.pdf

Hydrogen Fuel How Hydrogen Can Be Used to Propel a Vehicle

Hydrogen Fuel How Hydrogen Can Be Used to Propel a Vehicle Abstract Hydrogen is the simplest element with only a single proton in each atom. Hydrogen also makes the most abundant gas in the universe and this makes its new use for propelling vehicles viable. It can be produced through steam reforming or electrolysis.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Hydrogen Fuel: How Hydrogen Can Be Used to Propel a Vehicle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Steam reforming is cheap but releases green house gases, while electrolysis is expensive with no emissions. Hydrogen fuels can be used to make fuel cells, which convert chemical reactions into electrical energy. This energy can be stored and used to power electric motors and thus propel vehicles. Introduction Most vehicles that use our roads utilize fossil fuels, and with the likely changes due to climatic change and the gradual global warming, studies have shown that use of alternative fuel could propel our vehicles. Among the fuel tested in alternative energy is electricity and hydrogen, among others. The latter being an energy carrier as the former, which is secondary energy source. Hydrogen is useful as a source of compact energy in batteries and fuel cells. Several companies are making their way into hydrogen fuel and are continually trying out ways of efficiently exploiting its potentials. This paper will try to explore how hydrogen can be used to propel a vehicle (Fueleconomy, 2011, p. 1). Process Hydrogen refers to the simplest element with only a single proton for each atom. Hydrogen also makes the most abundant gas in the universe and this makes its new use viable. The sun is considered as a giant ball consisting of helium and hydrogen gases. A process called fusion is believed to occur at the sun’s core to give off radiant energy. Hydrogen, being an energy carrier is separated from gas molecules, biomass, or water by steam reforming as well as electrolysis. An example of hydrogen production process is as shown below (Alternative Energy, 2011, p. 1-3). Advertising Looking for report on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Alternative Energy Steam reforming is the most cost effective method of producing hydrogen and is estimated to account for about 95% of hydrogen produced, in the U.S. It separates hydrogen from methane, although this results in green house gases, which is faulted for global warming. On the other hand, electrolysis does not create emissions, but is very expensive. New technologies such as nanotechnologies are currently being tested for efficiency and cost reduction (Alternative Energy, 2011, p. 1-3). Machine Most hydrogen produced in the United States is usually used for refining metals, treating metals as well as in food processing. However, its use has shifted to energy fuel, beginning with NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). It has severally been utilize d in space programs to lift space shuttles. In addition, its fuel cells have been used to power electrical systems of the shuttles (Alternative Energy, 2011, p. 1-3). Hydrogen fuel cells can be used to produce electricity, and these can power electric cars. Currently, there are over 300 hydrogen-powered vehicles in States, the majority of which are automobiles and buses powered through electric motors. They store and convert hydrogen liquid or gas into electricity for use as a fuel cell. In the process, no pollution is released to the atmosphere (Alternative Energy, 2011, p. 1-3). Object To explore how hydrogen fuel can be used to power a vehicle and to determine its viability. Theory Hydrogen is the simplest atom with one proton, and forms the majority gas in space, it is very light and this accounts for its existence in compound. The sun is believed to consist of hydrogen and helium gases. Until recently, hydrogen has been tested as a fuel cell for Aviation in the United States, a nd produced for use as a refining, treating and processing agent.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Hydrogen Fuel: How Hydrogen Can Be Used to Propel a Vehicle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hydrogen is produced by either steam reforming method or electrolysis. The latter is very expensive but creates no pollution to the environment while, the former is cheap but pollutant. Over 95% of hydrogen produced in the United States is done through steam reforming, which separates hydrogen from hydrocarbons of methane. This results in the release of green house gases, which is faulted for global warming (Alternative Energy, 2011, p. 1-3). The United States produces around nine million metric tons of hydrogen every year. Such amounts of hydrogen are capable of serving between twenty and thirty million vehicles. The States of California, Texas and Louisiana leads the pack in hydrogen production. Fuel cells made from hydrogen mix with oxygen, and the resulting product is electricity and water as well as heat. Electric cars can therefore be powered by these hydrogen fuel cells. The fuel cells are usually compared to batteries as they have the capability of converting chemical reaction energy into electricity. As long as hydrogen is supplied, fuel cells will keep producing electricity. These fuel cells are usable in propelling vehicles as they power electric motors (Alternative Energy, 2011, p. 1-3). Concept Hydrogen is mostly found in compound forms, and is readily abundant in the atmosphere. It is formed through the process of either steam reforming or in some cases, electrolysis. Once produced, it can be used to create electricity through fuel cells, which convert chemical reaction to electricity. The fuel cells can then power electric motors, thereby propelling electric vehicles (EnergyKids, 2011, p. 1). Technical explanation To propel an electric vehicle, the motors need to be powered. Moreover, to po wer the motors, we need mechanical energy, which can be created by electric energy. Electric energy is generated and stored in batteries, and since hydrogen fuel cells serves this purpose, Hydrogen fuel cells can be used to power electric motors, which in turn propel vehicles. In essence, hydrogen powered fuel cells provides the energy required to propel the vehicles. Since hydrogen can be produced without emissions, and the process of propelling a vehicle produces no emissions, hydrogen fuel is environment friendly (EnergyKids, 2011, p. 1).Advertising Looking for report on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Summary Hydrogen is the most abundant of gases in space. The sun is believed to compose mainly of hydrogen and helium gas. It is lighter than air and is found in compounds. Its formation can be done through the process of steam reforming or in some cases, electrolysis. The latter is expensive but produces no emissions while the former is cheap but releases green house gases. Hydrogen can be used to make fuel cells that store electric energy and are usable for powering electric motors, which propel vehicles. It is eco-friendly (Macrae Cooper, 2011, p. 1). Conclusion Hydrogen fuel can be used to propel vehicles; this is possible through hydrogen fuel cells, which are capable of powering electric motors that in turn propel the vehicles. Hydrogen fuel is a clean energy (Macrae Cooper, 2011, p. 1). Reference List Alternative Energy. 2011. Hydrogen Fuel: Energy from reacting hydrogen (H2) with oxygen. Alternative Energy News. Web. EnergyKids. 2011. EIA Energy Kids: Hydrogen. U.S. Energy information Administration. Web. Fueleconomy. 2011. Hydrogen Fuel. Fueleonomy.gov. Web. Macrae, F. Cooper, R., 2011. Relief at the pumps: Revolutionary hydrogen fuel could cost just 90p per GALLON (and it will run in existing cars). Mail Online. Web.

McDonalds marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

McDonalds marketing - Case Study Example McDonalds's worldwide operations are characterized by ever increasing uncertainty and competition. Against this backdrop it's essential to consider the extent to which the product and service quality has an impact on customers at its restaurants. As much as fast food restaurants are highly influenced by competitor behavior as an exogenous variable, the staff also affects the consumers' perception and behavior as an endogenous variable. This paradigm of behavior is essentially associated with the ever rising fast food restaurant competition in townships across the globe and above all customer satisfaction strategies and initiatives have shaped McDonald's global operations.Thus the consumer buying behavior is influenced by various in a way that indisputably acts like the harbinger of all organizational outcomes (Fornell, & Johnson, 1996). The theoretical and conceptual framework of this research effort would be basically determined by the relevance of the existing theoretical postulate s and the conceptual frameworks of analysis and reference. Thus there will be an in-depth examination of the available literature on the subject to identify the correlations between among a set of more significant endogenous and exogenous variables involved in customer satisfaction and loyalty at McDonald's.The behavioral dimension refers to repeat purchases and attitudinal perspective refers to customers' intention to repurchase and recommend the product to others. These are good indicators of a loyal customer. Thus corporate image of McDonald's is determined by its ability to penetrate and hold niche market segments for longer duration of time. As a result the corporate image of the company receives a boost. McDonald's has been expereining a rise in its corporate image among consumers over the past few years (Gustafsson, 2005). Corporate image depends on the company's advertising, public relationship, word-of-mouth communication and actual experience related strategies and initiat ives. McDonald's has been consumer focused and is well known for its concern for customer satisfaction and service quality. Thus there is a considerable amount of positive impact on its marketing campaigns. Repeat purchases are made by customers under extreme circumstances in the fast food industry because potential customers are attracted by price discounts and unique benefits. As much as the price of the product matters product benefits also matters. Enhanced product specifications and performance act as a compulsion on potential repeat purchasers who weigh both price and quality on one hand and product innovation on the other (DiJulius, 2003). McDonald's has succeeded here. 1.1. Hypothesis or thesis statement The thesis statement of this paper rests on the testing of the primacy and the immediacy of a core group of theoretical and conceptual perspectives appertaining to the impact of product and service quality dimensions on the customer satisfaction at McDonald's against the backdrop of the former's cultural diversity and the latter's constant exposure to competition related issues along with the defined or undefined organizational outcomes (Hayes, 2008). Both a priori and a posteriori elements of customer satisfaction are inherently included in the analysis to capture the convergence/divergence framework of reference within McDonald's employee relations and work culture.

Assignment chapter 9 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 9 - Assignment Example and, nationalism can also be termed as a centrifugal force as it can cause a group of people to place their needs in front of the needs of all other groups in the same state. Nazi Germany is a historical example of nationalism gone wrong. National cohesion and identity can be achieved by nationalism or pride in unities nation. Additionally, immigration can encourage national cohesion in assorted educated populations that have ignored all kinds of racial discrimination. The Law of The Sea is an international agreement that determines ecological and commercial conditions for using the worlds oceans. It assures the protection of oceans from ecological degradation, constitutes rules for commercial organizations that rely on the sea for resources, sets maritime zones, and maintains autonomy of navigation. Treaty was signed by 161 nations. Governments reseat their capital city to a forward-thrust capital to stimulate economic development in underdeveloped parts of the state. Development of capital cities generally encourages development of infrastructure and economic growth in the city where they are seated. The suggestion that one nation can annex the territory of another on the basis of common traditions of the locals living in the two separate states. It is also termed as pan-nationalism. This can explained amongst pan-Africans, as most of Africas present borders were drawn up during colonial era with slight reference to the ethnicity of the people which lived on both side of the suggested boundary