Cultural Issues Of International Business - 1821 Words

Culture can be defined as â€Å"the sum total of the beliefs, rules, techniques, institutions, and artefacts that characterize human populations† (Ball et al, 1999 p.258). Sociologist generally talk about a socialization process – referring to the influence of social groups upon an individual, and the interaction of that individual with other members of society. Key elements of culture include language, religion, values, attitudes, customs and norms of a group or society. Cultural issues present a significant challenge to businesses; particularly international businesses. This is because businesses involve people. Every business employs people, sells to people, buys from people, and is owned and regulated by people. International people involve people from different national cultures - these cultures affect every aspect of business functions, including but not limited to: recruiting and managing a workforce, marketing and distribution, purchasing of raw materials, deali ng with regulators, and securing funds. The challenges that cultural issues present to international business is that of creating and nurturing cultural awareness; identifying and understanding the dynamics of culture; recognizing behavioural patterns and practices that affect the business; and coming up with strategies for dealing with cultural differences. Cultural awareness can be described as awareness of the various norms, practices, and other cultural variables of a country. This is an important aspect toShow MoreRelatedCross Cultural Issues in International Business2688 Words   |  11 PagesFestivals of Fiji 4 Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Day 4 The Lovo Feast 4 Culture 5 The Three Cultures Model 5 Cultural Frameworks and Dimensions 6 Hofstede 6 Trompenaars Hampden-Turner 7 Hall 8 The Johari Window 9 GLOBE Research 10 Comparison of Cultural Frameworks and Dimensions 11 Management Approach 12 Conclusion Recommendation 13 APPENDIX A 14 References BibliographyRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On International Marketing Communication1486 Words   |  6 PagesSUMMARY Cultural factors have long been known to impact the communication and success capability of competition in conducting worldwide business. The objective of this report is to recognize the importance of cultural factors occurring in marketing communications. 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Non governmental organizations Free Essays

Non-government organizations are organizations that are not controlled by government and are non profit making. Their purpose is to provide a service or object in which they are formed for they offer social welfare services to workers and communities in which they operate they play a major role in the society because they determine family structures, family relation and also the education system that would produce effective man power for them and others. NGO, s has control over political power nationality and even power over borders. We will write a custom essay sample on Non governmental organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Steve. Witt. (2005) They also contribute to the needs of the poor, deals with issues of the religion in a given area and hence impact heavily on the attitude and values that a given community adapts to. NGO, s helps in the contribution of the humanitarian affairs that serve the communities interests. NGO, s also deals with national and multilateral policy making and even local actions, .NGO, s provides employment to the citizens and assist in matters of dividing international authority, help to research, assess, report and publicize details on behalf of those accountable to them. (K.Rodman, (1998). They also deal with stability and security issues. Most non-government doesn’t depend heavily on the government for funding but the government may assist them partially with funds. They thus do not involve government representative within their organization and they also don’t involve them in their decision making process. AREAS OF INEFFECTIVENESS, UNACCOUTABILITY AND   Ã‚  Ã‚   ELITIST NATURE OF NGO, S Non-governmental organizations are supposed to be effective on their objectives and also accountable to those they serve. However, this non government organization have increasingly failed by being unaccountable to those they are supposed to work for, they have continually been ineffective in their performance and they have adapted to elitist nature whereby they segregate themselves from others and only work for their own selfish interest and for the interest of those whose status they consider important to their affairs and has influential power that makes them be treated preferentially this attitude can be termed as a mechanism of elite capture. (Steve. Witt. (2005) â™ « The ineffectiveness, the unaccountability and the elitist nature of NGO, s is evident among much renowned organization and this can be seen to be true when one assesses their performance with regard to the current debate on good governance and civil society. (K.Rodman, (1998). Roles of good governance The current debate on good governance and civil society emphasizes on peace building, democratization, quality leadership, responsibility and proper civil institutions. NGO, s should assist in helping in peace building in countries in which they are situated, they should be involved in the resolving existing issues in the country for example by  Ã‚   helping to find solutions to a countries conflicting issues when they arise, mediating disputing groups when there are ethnic tensions caused by political instability, coming up with measures that will reduce tribalism, nepotism and corruption, help in recovering the economy when the country is experiencing economic depression, assisting the needy   in their surrounding environment for example when natural disaster arise such as flood, earthquake ,terrorist attacks among others, Stabilizing political turmoil being experienced in that particular country and many other issues. (K.Rodman, (1998). However, the current non-government organization do not engage themselves with this issues on the contrary instead of doing this, the NGO, s have left this in the ruin of government and civil societies. Non-governmental organizations have also in some instances contributed to peace downfall by supporting one side of the worrying groups rather than being neutral. They tend to favor that group that have influential power and assumes those who are less powerful. This has made them to be unaccountable and untrustworthy and cannot be depended upon by both the government and the members of the societies who would have otherwise depended on them. The management allows political influences when making decisions which imposes a negative impact to all the organization stakeholders and employees who oppose the decision on the basis that they are not consulted and. this causes conflicts, lots of job turn over, redundancy and withdrawal and this leads to job inefficiency. (K.Rodman, (1998). They have been ineffective with regards to matters of enhancing democratization. This is because they have indulged in politics funding complains and supporting certain politicians who have influence upon them and this has contributed heavily in the reduction of democracy as they do not play their role as pressure group to pressurize the government to observe democracy. Non governmental organization have also been ineffective to help in matters of maturation of nation’s policy and economy other than participating in development and transformations, this organizations involve in the achievement of their own interest that is; what will benefit them other than what will be beneficial to all who are accountable to them, they pursue their own goals without incorporating the objectives of government and civil societies and this leads to lack of goals commonality hence retarding the government policies such as poverty and illiteracy eradication. Leadership Leadership and quality management are important for any country or institution to have good governance. Non governmental organization are poorly managed because of lack of qualified staff because the recruitment of workforce is based not on technical competence and merit, but on favoritism and thus the management have no proper management skills, the employees under such management thus work with a lot of skepticism and heavy opposition and most of them resist changes and all the rules that the management enforces and this leads to difficulties in implementation of proper practices, policies and procedures that are fundamental in developing strategies that ensures that organizations objectives are met. (K.Rodman, (1998). This also has led to poor selection of policies and allocation of resources. The leadership style in current non-governmental organization is that of authoritative and bureaucratic which ignores human elements due to impersonality of interpersonal relations. This style of leadership imposes rules, norms and procedures to be followed. The leaders make decisions and demands everyone to follow, they do not allow the other members of staff to be involved when making decisions and they harshly react when the rules they enforces are not properly followed this causes slow development, work delays, inefficiency and frustrations to citizens, employees and any other stakeholders and this reduces the effectiveness of NGO, s as a whole. (Carrie Meyer, (1999), Corruption eradication is a key issue in good governance especially in Africa. . NGO, s are faced with issues of corruption where they demands bribery to assist in matters they were supposed to deliver to the citizens without demanding any form of payment and this makes them unaccountable to those who rightfully depended on their services. (sH.Englund, (2004) There’s also a lot of misappropriation of funds and lack of proper fund management. This causes inadequate funding leading to shortage of resources to implement their policies and this can also eventually lead to the liquidation of the organization. When organization funds are mismanaged it causes serious implications, which makes the organization unaccountable and inefficient, which leads them to a step back to transparency and accountability. This vice has passed on to civil societies and government at large. Environmental issues NGO, s engages in activities that are harmful to the surrounding environment. This is by social unethical and unaccountable activities. For example, they may engage in activities that involves emissions of exhaustive gases that pollute the environment or even have technological machinery that produce disturbing noises around the environment they are situated in. They often do not take   proper measures and responsibility   to eradicate this implication arguing that since they are a non profit making organizations, members of the communities should take care of their environment and the fact that they are in needs of the organizations   services   they should allow them to deliver them respectfully without dealing with environmental issues. This causes negative impacts to the community and it has hampered the life of the society and animals especially where there is water and air pollution. They can be termed as negligence of the virtue of accountability to the society.( K.Rodman, (1998). NGO, s has turned into a mechanism of elite capture. They tend to involve only the elite in formulation of their policies. (H.Englund, (2004) There is lack of representation of civil society as a whole and the marginalized social movements are sidelined. Regional consultative of African non-governmental organizations, s and civil society organization lay foundation for the governance forum stressed on role of women in leadership. It has been observed that there is evident gender inequality within these organizations. Few non government organizations in Africa have observed this as few women are employed or hold decision making positions in management of NGO, s. the elites in NGO, s have various skills that they can utilize in government running but they are trapped in the NGO, s. in addition, instead of involving the locals to do various jobs they subcontract them. (Carrie Meyer, (1999), NGO, s has been ineffective because of selective area of operations. They concentrate in certain areas than the others. This makes those sidelined areas not to enjoy their operations. The NGO, s may not operate in certain areas that have poor infrastructure, lack of effective communications and lack of technology. This has led to unequal distribution of resources. The NGO, s have not helped in establishment of proper running civil institutions and instead they leave this role to the government   Conclusion In order to ensures that non-governmental organizations work effectively and successfully there is need to ensure that there is interactions of workers, formal and informal groups, government itself and any other influential factors to the organization. Democratic involvement by this organization should be considered as it is equally and critically important in enhancing the effectiveness of this organization. (Carrie Meyer, (1999),   They should be committed to implement their services to all interested stakeholders successfully. They should also avoid favoritism and avoid authoritative leadership and adapt to other ways of leading that will bring about motivation and morale of workers in the organization. Non governmental organizations should also ensure that they take responsibility and take the necessary actions required of them when their activities imposes harm to the surrounding environment. (Steve. Witt. (2005) They should also ensure that all non-governmental organizations are effective, efficient and accountable and are not expressed as mechanism of elitist capture. References: l   Steve. Witt. (2005). Changing roles of NGO, s in the creation. l   Sangeeta Kamat. (2002), development hegemony, American university press l   Carrie Meyer, (1999), The economics and politics of NGO, s in Latin American; praeger publisher. l   Maha abreirahman, (2004), the politics of NGO, s in Egypt; the American university press 5H.Teegen(2003) international NGO, s as global institution; Journals of international management l   K.Rodman, (1998). Think globally; vol 12 l   Daniel .a. Bell and Jean Marc (2004) university press l   H.Englund, (2004), prisoners of freedom; human rights and Africa poor. l   S, Goonahlak, (2006). Journal, foreign funded l   Lyal.s.Sunga, (2003), NGO, s involvement in international human rights monitoring How to cite Non governmental organizations, Essay examples

Lifestyle Influence of Consumer Behavior †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Lifestyle Influence of Consumer Behavior. Answer: Introduction Consumer behaviour is influenced by many factors, which plays an important role in the governance of final purchasing. The different kinds of consumers have different kinds of buying habits and behaviours. The behaviour in generally is influenced by many factors such as needs, feelings and the barriers to buy products. These factors are highly important for multinational companies as they use this strategy as their weapon to penetrate deep into the customers minds (Ammi, 2013). The chosen organization for this assignment is Woolworths Supermarkets. The chosen organization is necessary to understand the importance of a customer journey map, which these organizations use as their marketing strategies. They use these strategies to mould the perception of the customers into their favour. The main purpose of this assignment is to understand the behaviour of customers with the help of some important theories and concepts behind the consumer perception of buying. Reflection of buying behaviour Before I did not know anything about the customer journey map to a shop, I did not care that much on my entire journey to the shopping. However, I had also gone through the stages, which plays an important role in constructing the customer journey to a shop. The customer journey map has immensely helped in understanding the real psychology behind the buying behaviour of consumers. I initially did not have any idea of a structure that works behind the decision-making before the purchasing of a product. However, the customer journey map have made me realized that even I used to undergo some kinds of processing before the final execution of the busying takes place. The customer journey to buying has helped in analyzing my own perceptions while going for the shopping. Based on all the perceptions, which I am able to derive with the help of a customer journey, following are some of my perceptions that I make before making the final purchasing (Belk, Askegaard Scott, 2012): I generally select my preferable locations or malls before going out for a shopping The preferred location might be because of the branding values or the availability of the malls to my living destination When I opt out for a particular mall, I generally think that there would be high range of products, which are not feasible to my pocketing values I usually have my own perceptions that I would stick to my pocketing values; however, sometimes I find this difficult to be persistent with my thoughts Once I step into the market, my perceptions is changed accordingly by looking onto the available range of products and their marketing styles I am usually being attracted towards the highly designated products However, the shopping does happen in a series of confusion and making of decisions I sometimes throng towards a particular product because that particular product raise my desire; however, all of a sudden I am landed to the ground when I look into the price tagging This is something very strange part of my behaviour that even make myself confuse on how I am behaving like this However, I entirely enjoy the sort of behaviours, which I have regarding the buying of products One more interesting part of my buying behaviours is the presence of less affirmation on my decision, which a good salesperson can anytime use to their benefits This has happened to me in past that I was not interested towards a product however, the intense convincing power of the salesperson did actually made me shop of the particular product I am very fascinated towards good products but I am very choosy also when it comes to the product pricing Some of the consumer behaviour related concepts are very relevant to my characteristic, which is reflected on my way of shopping and the desire to initiate a shopping. Some of the behavioural traits for the shopping may include such as following (Goldsmith, 2016): Disposition of goods to the garbage Usage of experiences to enhance the buying practices Decision making in the influence of several factors that also include salespersons selling skills Changing attitudes with respect to the shopping environment majorly influenced by high-end class standard of the shopping malls These are some of the buying behavioural traits, which have helped me immensely in constructing my own buying behaviour (Griskevicius Kenrick, 2013). The lens of consumer behaviour theory Different brands use different theories and models to change or actually inspire the perspectives of buyers for earning a high rate of revenues from the shoppers. Following are some of the theories, which marketers of todays world use it to perfection to mould the buying behaviour of customers (Haghshenas et al., 2013): Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen postulated the theory in the year 1960s. The concept behind the postulation of the theory was the decision-making skills of the consumers, which they develop quite before they move to the shopping. According to this theory, consumers are acting as rational actors who actually make their decisions based on their own interest (Juster, 2015). Abraham Maslow postulated the theory in the year 1943, which emphasize the importance of needs fulfilment for people. It includes five stages, which states the different level of needs that common people requires in specific. The five stages of needs are such as physiological needs, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. These are some of the needs of a common people, which they look for being motivated. Different marketers use these five stages very effectively in attracting the perceptions of consumers (Kahle Chiagouris, 2014). Hawkins Stern did believe and argue the traditional form of making of buying behaviours. Hawkins Stern argued that the traditional form of making decisions could be made adjoined to the creation of impulse in average number of customers with the help of external attracting agents. External influencing agents can be anything such as salesperson skills. Marketers use this form of skills to mould the perception and buying decisions of average number of customers (Kardes, Cronley Cline, 2014). Overview of Consumer research on different theories The above-mentioned theories for buying behaviour of consumers do very well hold their own ground in the perception of consumers for buying. The observation made on the personal traits for the shopping and on those who are related to one by means of friendships or some blood relations, the variations of decision making for shopping can well be seen. In most of the cases, shoppers have their mindset for a particular product or a brand, which they never change under any circumstances (Katiyar Katiyar, 2014). However, some are there who are motivated to do shopping by means of several things such as buying traits of some other peoples in contact. They used to have initially no such intentions for buying the particular product; however, they do so after observing the buying reasons of their close ones. The reasons actually excite their feeling towards the shopping. The feeling and the desire actually do shape such peoples mind, which result in shopping the product despite having no such prior intentions for that (Lantos, 2015). Other kinds of shoppers are also observed at the market place, which neither had any prior intentions for the shopping nor are they influenced by any others shopping traits. However, they are influenced by some external factors such as effective moulding skills of salespersons. Nevertheless, the conversion rate is comparatively lower than that of traditional customers. From the perspectives of organizations, it is important that they receive all kinds of customers to their market place, as every single customer is an asset (Mullen Johnson, 2013). Today in the modern era of business, shopping malls or supermarkets often include variety of brands for a particular product to provide customers a wide range of options. This is the one implication of consumer behaviour, which different companies use to mould the perceptions and buying behaviours of customers to earn the maximum benefits. Offering a single brand for a particular group of product is not a healthy selection for holding their nerves (Oliver, 2014). The modern era of shopping has made this a compulsory strategy for numerous of multinational companies to offer wide range of brands. Moreover, modern day customers prefer to compare the offerings of different products for its pricing, affordability and quality. These are some of the factors, which dictate the customers for making decisions on product selection. In other words, this is nothing but the manipulation of customers mind by offering comparable products. This is nothing but the creation of impulse in customers for buying the products, which is indeed the adherence to one of the mentioned theories of buying behaviour. This is because that they have all the brands available at one place, hence, they need not to go anywhere else for the purchasing of products of their choices (Rani, 2014). The above diagram clearly illustrates the phenomena of consumer behaviour. It shows the modelling of consumer behaviour, which happens in a collection of three stages such as strategy making by the firm, understanding the market place reactions and then analyzing the consumer behaviour. This is extremely helpful in redesigning the strategies for affecting the buying behaviours of the customers based on the collected data on the buying nature of consumers. Relevance of the mentioned theories The above-mentioned theories are very much relevant to my personal trait for buying, which I had mentioned in the reflection section. The mentioned theories are not entirely related to my personal buying behaviour. However, some of the theories are strongly relevant to my personal trait. Theories on personal needs and impulse creation are very much related to my characteristic of buying. I normally plan for shopping when there is a need for some product. I even make my own decisions about the products and the brands; however, I find it difficult to stick to the set plan. This is because of the fact that the external environment of the shopping malls of my choices often attracts me towards those products, which I had not planned before. I am never fixed at one product (Safi Ramay, 2013). For example, once I went to the mall for buying a Samsung Smartphone. I even planned for my shopping quite prior to my visit to the mall, which I did at home by searching the best phone of my needs a t the Google platform. However, once I stepped into the mall, I just found myself undecided on the products, as there were wide ranges of products of other brands. Most interestingly, the other brands were best in features than the one I anticipated. However, even after that, I was undecided and did not have any intention to change my selection, as those products were slightly higher than my budget. Nevertheless, one of the salesperson approached to me and started convincing me towards some other product such as Sony. The salesperson made me realized that the offer is not a waste if I spent a few higher. The salesperson did actually change my perception and created an impulse towards the Sony Smartphone. I finally landed up shopping the Sony Smartphone, which I had never thought before. The example very well explains the fact that my perception of shopping and the relevant buying behaviour is very much influenced by some of the established theories on the buying behaviour of consume rs (Solomon, 2014). Implications of consumer behaviour on Woolworths Different supermarkets have different strategies to cope with the varied range of buying behaviours of different consumers. This is because of the fact that different supermarket brands use different strategies to attract the perception of customers. In addition to this, different supermarket uses a very similar strategy, which is as the following: This is how every supermarket chains strategise the selling of their products. Woolworths along with Coles form the duopoly in the Australian Retail market. Woolworths is specialized in different kinds of groceries items. Apart from that, it is also engaged in selling several kinds of magazines, stationary items and DVDs. It is the largest supermarket chains in Australia. It has well studied the buying nature of consumers and the effective forces behind the making of decisions. This is because of the fact that Woolworths are now considering on its new strategy, which states that low prices, always. This just shows the strategy making of the Australias largest supermarket chain. They understand the importance of consumer behaviour, which is because of the fact that they quickly scuffle from their existing strategy to the most effective strategy. The declining sales of Woolworths in the year 2015 have forced them to change their existing strategies to retain their existing customer bas e and to add more customers that are new. This in other words explains the implications of consumer buying behaviour, which force the leading brands to reshape their existing strategies (Van Raaij, van Veldhoven Wrneryd, 2013). The changes of existing strategy can be anything ranging from the reduction of product pricing to its quality enhancement. Another strategy, which Woolworths does make, is the offering of discounted pricings on the multiple unites of the same product. These all strategies used by Woolworths simple goes on telling a fact that different leading brands are worried of changing consumer behaviour. The varied range of different perceptions and buying behaviour of customers do influence the strategy making of such companies. Indeed, it is influenced differently at the different stages of their business just to match up with their changing behaviours (Cameron, 2017). Woolworths is one of the most renowned names in the Australian retailing market; however, consumer behaviour has even not left them apart from being influenced. This is one such fact, which strongly governs the fact that consumer buying behaviour does affect the business of leading brands and its different stakeholders (Vidyavathi, 2012). On a same note, Woolworths did force its suppliers to reduce the costs of raw materials to be cost-effective in terms of manufacturing of the products. Woolworths being one of the leading supermarket chains in Australia doe very well explain the dominion power of consumer behaviour. Moreover, consumer behaviour is a challenge for the companies and for its marketing teams, which construct the customer journey map to support their companies having effective control on customers perceptions (Zinkan, 2012). Conclusion Consumer behaviour is one factor, which has challenged the strategy making of many leading companies in past and continued to do so in the present as it is evident from the example of Woolworths. The company has considered different kinds of strategies in past, which it again reconsidered in the year 2015 for meeting with the changed behaviour of customers. The highly incremented ranges of differing consumer behaviours and the elevating market competition in between different companies have posed ample pressures on the strategic management team. This is for such treasons that company such as Woolworths are considering relevant changes in their strategies tom match up with the changing customers perceptions. References Ammi, C. (Ed.). (2013).Global consumer behavior. John Wiley Sons. Belk, R. W., Askegaard, S., Scott, L. (Eds.). (2012).Research in consumer behavior. Emerald Group Publishing. Cameron, N. (2017). Woolworths details 3-year strategy to become customer centric. [online] Cmo.com.au. Available at: https://www.cmo.com.au/article/574302/woolworths-details-3-year-strategy-become-customer-centric/ [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Goldsmith, E. B. (2016).Consumer economics: Issues and behaviors. Routledge. Griskevicius, V., Kenrick, D. T. (2013). Fundamental motives: How evolutionary needs influence consumer behavior.Journal of Consumer Psychology,23(3), 372-386. Haghshenas, L., Abedi, A., Ghorbani, E., Kamali, A., Harooni, M. (2013). Review consumer behavior and factors affecting on purchasing decisions.Singaporean journal of business economics, and management studies,1(10), 17-24. Juster, F. T. (2015).Anticipations and purchases: An analysis of consumer behavior. Princeton University Press. Kahle, L. R., Chiagouris, L. (2014).Values, lifestyles, and psychographics. Psychology Press. Kardes, F., Cronley, M., Cline, T. (2014).Consumer behavior. Cengage Learning. Katiyar, A., Katiyar, N. (2014). An empirical study of Indian consumer buying behavior of FMCG products (with special reference of bathing soap).International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations,2(1), 211-217. Lantos, G. P. (2015).Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge. Mullen, B., Johnson, C. (2013).The psychology of consumer behavior. Psychology Press. Oliver, R. L. (2014).Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Rani, P. (2014). Factors influencing consumer behaviour.International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review,2(9), 52-61. Rios, M. C., McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L. (2013).Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Safi, A., Ramay, M. I. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and consumer behavior: a study from Pakistan.Information Management and Business Review,5(4), 194-202. Solomon, M. R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Van Raaij, W. F., van Veldhoven, G. M., Wrneryd, K. E. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of economic psychology. Springer Science Business Media. Vidyavathi, K. (2012). Consumer Lifestyle Influence of Consumer Behavior with reference to automobile industry in Chennai.Zenith International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, II (4), 37-50. Zinkan, G. (Ed.). (2012).Advertising research: The internet, consumer behavior, and strategy. Marketing Classics Press.